How it is diagnosed
In adults, PCOS is usually diagnosed when two of these three are present, after other causes are excluded:
- Irregular or absent periods, from infrequent ovulation
- Signs of excess male-type hormones: acne, excess facial or body hair, scalp hair thinning, or a raised testosterone level
- Polycystic-appearing ovaries on ultrasound
Thyroid problems, high prolactin and an adrenal condition called non-classic CAH can look similar, so they are checked. In teenagers, ultrasound is not used for diagnosis.
Beyond the ovaries
- Insulin resistance, even in slim women
- A higher chance of prediabetes and type 2 diabetes
- Fatty liver and abnormal cholesterol
- Mood changes, anxiety and poor sleep
- Thickening of the womb lining when periods are very infrequent
Treatment is matched to your goals
- Regular cycles: hormonal treatment or other options
- Acne and excess hair: hormonal pills, anti-androgen medicines and skin treatments
- Metabolic health: weight loss of 5% to 10% if overweight, activity and sometimes metformin
- Pregnancy: ovulation treatment, usually with your gynaecologist
Long-term check-ups
Regular screening for diabetes, blood pressure and cholesterol is advised, because these risks continue even after periods settle.
When to see a specialist
Consider an endocrinology opinion for significant hair growth or acne, very irregular periods, weight or blood sugar concerns, or an uncertain diagnosis.
This guide is general information and is not a substitute for a consultation.
Related guides
PCOS and women's hormonal health at the clinic All patient guides